Penn State’s Hydrogel Smart Skin Shows 4D Printing’s Potential Beyond Fixed Materials

Researchers at Penn State University have unveiled a 4D printing method that produces “smart synthetic skin” capable of dynamically changing its shape, texture, and appearance in response to external stimuli. Unlike traditional synthetic materials with fixed properties, this hydrogel-based material can perform multiple functions, from adaptive camouflage to information encryption and mechanical deformation, all within […]